There’s gold all around us, embedded in our electronics. There are people who collect e-waste and use various methods to extract gold from them. However, it is hard to qualify it as a “get ...Extraction Of Gold By The Amalgam Process. The amalgam process is the oldest technical method of extracting gold and was used in antiquity. With the amalgam process the gold bearing rock is likewise crushed to fine sand. Afterwards mercury is added to the rock dust. Gold has the property that enables it to join to the surface of the mercury.Motivations for colonization: Spain’s colonization goals were to extract gold and silver from the Americas, to stimulate the Spanish economy and make Spain a more powerful country. Spain also aimed to convert Native Americans to Christianity.There’s gold all around us, embedded in our electronics. There are people who collect e-waste and use various methods to extract gold from them. However, it is hard to qualify it as a “get ...The thiourea method for gold extraction is a new low-toxic gold extraction process which is improving day by day. The thiourea acid solution dissolves gold and silver at a high speed, low toxicity ...Feb 16, 2022 · The thiourea method for gold extraction is a new low-toxic gold extraction process which is improving day by day. The thiourea acid solution dissolves gold and silver at a high speed, low toxicity ... I'm thinking that if you're getting 100- or finer gold, don't go above 1/2 inch down from the top. Coarser material can have more material put in the bowl. 100-, only about a rounded tablespoon full. Hope this all helps. Google the blue bowl and you'll probably find a vendor with the full instructions online.Recovering gold from junk electronics, also called urban mining, may be profitable if you can amass large volumes of electronic waste (e-waste), particularly computer parts. It may not be worth the ordeal to extract gold from a small pile of junk hardware. It’s best to find good sources of free e-waste for maximum profits.Using your hammer, smash the specimen into chunks ⅛” to ¼” across. Pour the smashed rock and dust through the funnel into the capped pipe. Place the capped pipe on the ground or a workbench. Avoid concrete as the base, it may crack. Repeatedly smash the piece of rod downwards to crush the rock into powder.Aug 4, 2017 · Gold is found in numerous places on a motherboard: IDE connectors, PCI Express slot, PCI, AGP, ISA, and other ports, jumper pins, the processor socket, and DIMM (SIMM on older motherboards) slots ... Mar 14, 2023 · How to Separate Gold from Pyrite .Pyrite crystals can contain small amounts of real gold, although it is very difficult to extract. The gold hidden within py... This video is for beginers,best and cheapest vay to recovery gold foils from fingers and other fiber boards!999Dusan support chanel:LBRY - https://lbry.tv/...Jul 2, 2023 · 1. Wait. After the neutron burst, the reaction that produces gold has a half-life of 64.14 hours. If you wait this long, half of the Hg-197 will have become gold. Proton plus Hg-200 is one unfavorable (due to high positive nuclei charge and repulsion charge), yet with a possible alternate pathway. Feb 3, 2016 · To highlight the improvement Foley's solution presents, consider that it costs $1,520 to extract one kilogram of gold using aqua regia and results in 5,000 litres of waste. The oceans are filled with gold, just floating out there for the taking! The trouble is figuring out how to extract the precious metal. For over a century, dreamers, con artists, mad men, and well ...You can make gold appear from something that isn't gold... And this is chemistry, not alchemy!ubscribe: http://bit.ly/SubscribeToEarthLab All the best Eart...The 'Gold Accumulator'. Prescott Ford Jernegan, a Massachusetts pastor with money troubles, contracted typhoid in the summer of 1896. While recovering, he claimed to have had a fever-fueled dream of turning seawater into gold; thus, a scam was born. Jernegan teamed up with childhood friend Charles Fisher, a trained diver, to attract investors ...Extract gold definition: To extract a substance means to obtain it from something else, for example by using... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Jul 2, 2023 · 1. Wait. After the neutron burst, the reaction that produces gold has a half-life of 64.14 hours. If you wait this long, half of the Hg-197 will have become gold. Proton plus Hg-200 is one unfavorable (due to high positive nuclei charge and repulsion charge), yet with a possible alternate pathway. Nov 12, 2018 · Sun et al. 2018. They found similar results with different liquids, too. The new framework captured 99% of gold from Swiss sewage (which, if you’ll recall, allegedly washes away $1.8 million ... Extracting gold from seawater is impractical. Gold was first detected in seawater in 1872 by the British chemist S. Sonstadt, and ever since, a number of people have promoted the idea of extracting the precious metal from the oceans. One of the most notable was the German chemist Fritz Haber, co-inventor of the Haber-Bosch process, who spent a portion of his career attempting to devise aPerform a simple test of the material in the pan to assess whether it is real gold. Raw gold appears brassy yellow and bright. If you think it is gold, place your hand between it and the sun to create shade over the gold. If it still appears bright in the pan, chances are that it is real gold. Fool's gold does not appear as bright when shaded.If you want, you can also use muriatic acid to store your gold after you separate it from all other materials. 10. Using Soap and Warm Water. If you don’t have any chemicals on hand, use soap and warm water to separate gold from sand. Just wash the rocks inside a plastic bucket filled with warm water and dish soap.Mar 16, 2018 · HOW to Recover GOLD from Scrap VERY EASY - No nitric acid needed HDcontact me : [email protected] May 29, 2019 · Beaker Mugs: https://nilered.tv/beaker-mug-----Follow-up video on NileBlue (my second channel): https://youtu.be/NuYDQt... Perform a simple test of the material in the pan to assess whether it is real gold. Raw gold appears brassy yellow and bright. If you think it is gold, place your hand between it and the sun to create shade over the gold. If it still appears bright in the pan, chances are that it is real gold. Fool's gold does not appear as bright when shaded.Using a rubber spatula, scrape the gold bearing mercury from the copper gold pan into a glass jar or beaker. Wet a ball of virgin cotton and squeeze out the excess water. Place it into the bottom of an oral syringe and pour in the amalgam ball. Replace the plunger and holding the end of the syringe over a container, press the plunger to extract ...We used mercury to actually extract the gold from the powdered rock. Gold, like most minerals, can be 'dissolved' in mercury to create what's called an amalgam. An amalgam is a physical mixture of ... There’s gold all around us, embedded in our electronics. There are people who collect e-waste and use various methods to extract gold from them. However, it is hard to qualify it as a “get ...Gold amalgam is formed when the gold particles are wetted by mercury and diffused inside. And then extract the remaining mercury from it and send the obtained solid amalgam to the distillator ...Hot bath the black sand, and give it a nice stir. 2. Crushing the Black Sand. Sometimes one black sand particle will merge with several other grains of black sand, and capture some gold in the process. If this has happened to enough extent, you might decide to crush it to extract the gold.Hot bath the black sand, and give it a nice stir. 2. Crushing the Black Sand. Sometimes one black sand particle will merge with several other grains of black sand, and capture some gold in the process. If this has happened to enough extent, you might decide to crush it to extract the gold.Perform a simple test of the material in the pan to assess whether it is real gold. Raw gold appears brassy yellow and bright. If you think it is gold, place your hand between it and the sun to create shade over the gold. If it still appears bright in the pan, chances are that it is real gold. Fool's gold does not appear as bright when shaded.We used mercury to actually extract the gold from the powdered rock. Gold, like most minerals, can be 'dissolved' in mercury to create what's called an amalgam. An amalgam is a physical mixture of ...Step 5. Put the Rocks inside the Mining Pan. Pour some of the ground rocks into the mining pan. Resembling a colander, this pan comes with sifting holes at the bottom. Due to the heaviness of gold, if you put it in water, it will sink while other additives or minerals will rise and drift away.Multiply the weight of pure gold in your dental scraps by the market price of gold to find the approximate value of your scraps. For exanmple, if you had 2 troy ounces of 12K gold, it would be worth about $1,500 as of June 2011. Find a refiner that buys scrap gold from dental work. You can find several of the companies on the Internet.Extracting gold from seawater is impractical. Gold was first detected in seawater in 1872 by the British chemist S. Sonstadt, and ever since, a number of people have promoted the idea of extracting the precious metal from the oceans. One of the most notable was the German chemist Fritz Haber, co-inventor of the Haber-Bosch process, who spent a portion of his career attempting to devise aThis was the first commercial method used for gold extraction. Place the ore into the mortar and grind it to the size of sand grains. Put the ore grains into a plastic bowl. Add the 35-percent hydrochloric acid to the sodium hypochlorite bleach into a flask or beaker, in a two-to-one ratio of acid to bleach. Ensure that the liquid mixture is at ...Sun et al. 2018. They found similar results with different liquids, too. The new framework captured 99% of gold from Swiss sewage (which, if you’ll recall, allegedly washes away $1.8 million ...May 19, 2021 · Electronics are chock-full of gold, but getting it out is so difficult that most of it goes to waste.A New Zealand startup has found a way to extract gold fr... Apr 9, 2022 · Extraction Of Gold By The Amalgam Process. The amalgam process is the oldest technical method of extracting gold and was used in antiquity. With the amalgam process the gold bearing rock is likewise crushed to fine sand. Afterwards mercury is added to the rock dust. Gold has the property that enables it to join to the surface of the mercury. The wait for a scalable non-toxic alternative may now be over as a research team from Aalto University in Finland has successfully replaced cyanide in a key part of gold extraction from ore. The results are published in Chemical Engineering. Traditionally, once gold ore is mined from the ground, it’s crushed to a powder and passed through a ...Gold, silver, platinum and other precious metals do not burn. When scrap that contains them is reduced to ash by burning, precious metals are typically left behind and can be easily identified and recycled. This happens during two common processes that precious metal recycling companies use to extract gold:We used mercury to actually extract the gold from the powdered rock. Gold, like most minerals, can be 'dissolved' in mercury to create what's called an amalgam. An amalgam is a physical mixture of ...Apr 9, 2022 · Extraction Of Gold By The Amalgam Process. The amalgam process is the oldest technical method of extracting gold and was used in antiquity. With the amalgam process the gold bearing rock is likewise crushed to fine sand. Afterwards mercury is added to the rock dust. Gold has the property that enables it to join to the surface of the mercury. Hot bath the black sand, and give it a nice stir. 2. Crushing the Black Sand. Sometimes one black sand particle will merge with several other grains of black sand, and capture some gold in the process. If this has happened to enough extent, you might decide to crush it to extract the gold.Typically when people extract gold from rock or sediment in nature, they use a technique called a gold cyanidation where gold is essentially dissolved. Gold cyanidation relies on an oxidation reduction or redox reaction, which is a type of reaction where electrons are transferred from one species or atom to another.Motivations for colonization: Spain’s colonization goals were to extract gold and silver from the Americas, to stimulate the Spanish economy and make Spain a more powerful country. Spain also aimed to convert Native Americans to Christianity.Sun et al. 2018. They found similar results with different liquids, too. The new framework captured 99% of gold from Swiss sewage (which, if you’ll recall, allegedly washes away $1.8 million ...Gold is a precious, conductive, and pliable metal that retains a stable value better than many commodities. Its chemical properties make it useful for the manufacture of computers parts and electronics. Some people find it profitable to attempt to extract the gold from these scraps, then refine and sell it.This green method extracts gold from crude sources and leaves behind other metals that are often found mixed together with the crude gold. The new process also can be used to extract gold from consumer electronic waste. Current methods for gold recovery involve the use of highly poisonous cyanides, often leading to contamination of the environment.Nov 12, 2018 · Sun et al. 2018. They found similar results with different liquids, too. The new framework captured 99% of gold from Swiss sewage (which, if you’ll recall, allegedly washes away $1.8 million ... Extraction of Gold by the Amalgam Process. The amalgam process is the oldest technical method of extracting gold and was used in antiquity. With the amalgam process the gold bearing rock is likewise crushed to fine sand. Afterwards mercury is added to the rock dust. Gold has the property that enables it to join to the surface of the mercury. Electronics are chock-full of gold, but getting it out is so difficult that most of it goes to waste.A New Zealand startup has found a way to extract gold fr...Time: Extracting gold from electronics can be a time-consuming process, especially for individuals who are new to the process. It may take several hours to extract a small amount of gold from an electronic device. Hazardous Chemicals: The process of extracting gold from electronics requires using hazardous chemicals, such as cyanide and aqua ...Sep 3, 2020 · Place the crucible on a fireproof surface. 3. Aim an acetylene torch at the gold. Aim the flame at the gold until the gold is completely melted. 4. Pick up the crucible using crucible tongs. 5. Separate the gold into small pieces and allow them to harden. This is called “making shot.”. Aug 22, 2022 · Graphene is the key to a new environmentally friendly method to extract gold from electronic waste . Depositphotos. 2 / 2. The new method could allow for gold in electronics to be recycled, rather ... Jan 23, 2023 · Mercury has long been used in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) to extract gold from ore sediment and rock deposits. ASGM accounts for more than a third (38%) of all anthropogenic mercury emissions to the atmosphere, with most ASGM sector-related mercury emissions coming from the burning of mercury-gold amalgam. Jan 3, 2018 · Cyanide is also faster and more effective at extracting gold than mercury amalgamation, as demonstrated on ore samples from several ASGM regions. 23 Alternative, non-toxic lixiviants that are as high-yielding and selective as cyanide in gold extraction would be beneficial to the ASGM sector. 55 While thiourea, thiocyanate, thiosulfate, chlorine ... Sep 20, 2020 · Some other sources estimate that your average computer contains about 1/5th of a gram, or about $12 worth, of gold in them. On the other hand, laptops typically contain about 1/10th of a gram of ... We used mercury to actually extract the gold from the powdered rock. Gold, like most minerals, can be 'dissolved' in mercury to create what's called an amalgam. An amalgam is a physical mixture of ... Gold is a precious, conductive, and pliable metal that retains a stable value better than many commodities. Its chemical properties make it useful for the manufacture of computers parts and electronics. Some people find it profitable to attempt to extract the gold from these scraps, then refine and sell it.Cyanide is also faster and more effective at extracting gold than mercury amalgamation, as demonstrated on ore samples from several ASGM regions. 23 Alternative, non-toxic lixiviants that are as high-yielding and selective as cyanide in gold extraction would be beneficial to the ASGM sector. 55 While thiourea, thiocyanate, thiosulfate, chlorine ...The 'Gold Accumulator'. Prescott Ford Jernegan, a Massachusetts pastor with money troubles, contracted typhoid in the summer of 1896. While recovering, he claimed to have had a fever-fueled dream of turning seawater into gold; thus, a scam was born. Jernegan teamed up with childhood friend Charles Fisher, a trained diver, to attract investors ...In each method depends on material that you use for extraction. How to extract gold smelting. For any of the gold alloy. Such as gold old scrap gold, Gold jewelry. And some electronic equipment. How to extract gold by smelting. Extraction of gold by smelting is done with metallic mix gold. Scrap gold, jewelry gold, With gold components for more ...Jul 6, 2016 · Gold, silver, platinum and other precious metals do not burn. When scrap that contains them is reduced to ash by burning, precious metals are typically left behind and can be easily identified and recycled. This happens during two common processes that precious metal recycling companies use to extract gold: Multiply the weight of pure gold in your dental scraps by the market price of gold to find the approximate value of your scraps. For exanmple, if you had 2 troy ounces of 12K gold, it would be worth about $1,500 as of June 2011. Find a refiner that buys scrap gold from dental work. You can find several of the companies on the Internet.Oct 21, 2015 · Using a rubber spatula, scrape the gold bearing mercury from the copper gold pan into a glass jar or beaker. Wet a ball of virgin cotton and squeeze out the excess water. Place it into the bottom of an oral syringe and pour in the amalgam ball. Replace the plunger and holding the end of the syringe over a container, press the plunger to extract ... Nov 19, 2009 · While in the fine paper filter, give the mud on last rinse, this time with distilled water until mud and filter is clean. 15. Take filter with clean gold mud and gently squeeze of any excess water and place filer with mud into crucible for melting. 16. Once melted, the gold will again take on the appearance of metal. Jun 23, 2023 · How to Extract Gold from a Rock. Prospecting for gold can be a fun hobby, though it’s a lot of work! You may be able to harvest gold flakes from rock if it contains gold among its minerals. The safest way to extract gold from rocks at home is to crush the rocks. Cyanidation: It is one of the main methods of gold extracting process. 1 Contact finely ground ore with the solution containing cyanide. 2 Separate solid from the clear solution. 3 Recover gold from the solution with zinc powder by precipitation. Video of cyanide gold process production line.Apr 28, 2023 · However, extracting gold from these devices can be challenging without the use of chemicals. In addition, gold has physical and chemical properties that make it difficult to separate from other metals and non-metallic materials. To extract gold without chemicals, specific materials, and equipment are required. Mar 14, 2023 · How to Separate Gold from Pyrite .Pyrite crystals can contain small amounts of real gold, although it is very difficult to extract. The gold hidden within py... Mar 16, 2018 · HOW to Recover GOLD from Scrap VERY EASY - No nitric acid needed HDcontact me : [email protected] May 9, 2023 · Recovering gold from junk electronics, also called urban mining, may be profitable if you can amass large volumes of electronic waste (e-waste), particularly computer parts. It may not be worth the ordeal to extract gold from a small pile of junk hardware. It’s best to find good sources of free e-waste for maximum profits. If you want, you can also use muriatic acid to store your gold after you separate it from all other materials. 10. Using Soap and Warm Water. If you don’t have any chemicals on hand, use soap and warm water to separate gold from sand. Just wash the rocks inside a plastic bucket filled with warm water and dish soap.Jan 9, 2023 · Centrifuges operate in cycles that can be preprogrammed or determined manually depending on the equipment and the material processed. After a cycle is completed, the miner can then extract gold from the ridges of the centrifuge vessel. For small scale centrifuges, cycles usually last around 0.5-2 hours. How to Extract Gold From Electronics: In this Instructable, I will show you how to extract gold from computers using products most people have lying around in their homes. The way I extract the gold is relatively straight-forward and pretty easy, but the chemicals used are very dangerou… May 22, 2018 · Load the solid gold ore into your crucible then load the furnace with charcoal. Light the charcoal and let it ash over. Set the crucible directly on the charcoal. Load more charcoal around the crucible. Turn the hair dryer on low to force air into the chamber below the charcoal. If the temperature fails to get high enough to melt your ore, turn ... By Travis Thornton May 31, 2022. A process called “Cyanidation”, or cyanide leaching, has been the dominant gold extraction technology since the 1970s. In this process sodium cyanide, in a dilute solution of ranging from 100 ppm to 500 ppm or 0.01% to 0.05% cyanide, is used to selectively dissolve gold from ore.Apr 24, 2017 · This was the first commercial method used for gold extraction. Place the ore into the mortar and grind it to the size of sand grains. Put the ore grains into a plastic bowl. Add the 35-percent hydrochloric acid to the sodium hypochlorite bleach into a flask or beaker, in a two-to-one ratio of acid to bleach. Ensure that the liquid mixture is at ... How to Extract Gold From Electronics: In this Instructable, I will show you how to extract gold from computers using products most people have lying around in their homes. The way I extract the gold is relatively straight-forward and pretty easy, but the chemicals used are very dangerou…Pandora has set a target of using only recycled gold and silver by 2025. For the Tokyo Olympics, metal was extracted from six million mobile phones and almost 72,000 tonnes of e-waste to make ...Mar 13, 2018 · Reactions. Two separate reactions take place in the gold-dissolving process. The nitric acid acts as an oxidizing agent, with three molecules of the acid each donating a proton to gold to give it a positive charge of +3. Concurrently, chloride ions resulting from the separation of HCl into its components combine with the newly oxidized gold to ... Producing Aqua Regia. The first step to refining gold involves creating aqua regia – a mix of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid named for its ability to melt gold – and applying it to the gold in question. After choosing a well-ventilated work area and putting on safety goggles, rubber gloves and a rubber splash apron, weigh the gold ...I'm thinking that if you're getting 100- or finer gold, don't go above 1/2 inch down from the top. Coarser material can have more material put in the bowl. 100-, only about a rounded tablespoon full. Hope this all helps. Google the blue bowl and you'll probably find a vendor with the full instructions online.This video shows how and what to scrap in old cell phones and prepare them for gold and other precious metals recovery.🔴 Subscribe for more Tutorials: https...Jan 21, 2014 · This process is performed either by hand or machines, and involves removing any non-gold materials from the board, including integrated circuits, screws and batteries. Once these extra pieces have been removed and safely discarded, the actual gold reclamation process can begin. Gold can be removed from circuit boards in a variety of ways. Reactions. Two separate reactions take place in the gold-dissolving process. The nitric acid acts as an oxidizing agent, with three molecules of the acid each donating a proton to gold to give it a positive charge of +3. Concurrently, chloride ions resulting from the separation of HCl into its components combine with the newly oxidized gold to ...May 22, 2018 · Load the solid gold ore into your crucible then load the furnace with charcoal. Light the charcoal and let it ash over. Set the crucible directly on the charcoal. Load more charcoal around the crucible. Turn the hair dryer on low to force air into the chamber below the charcoal. If the temperature fails to get high enough to melt your ore, turn ... Nov 21, 2018 · Gold amalgam is formed when the gold particles are wetted by mercury and diffused inside. And then extract the remaining mercury from it and send the obtained solid amalgam to the distillator ...
Sep 15, 2017 · Unfortunately, the concentration lies on the order of parts per trillion, making it extremely difficult to get. Based on today's spot price of gold at $ 42.51 USD per gram, that amount of gold ... . Data
Non-toxic technology extracts more gold from ore Study shows new chloride-based process recovers 84% of gold compared to the 64% recovered with traditional methodsThis video shows how and what to scrap in old cell phones and prepare them for gold and other precious metals recovery.🔴 Subscribe for more Tutorials: https...Apr 10, 2019 · R-OH+Au (CN)2-═R-Au (CN)2+OH-. Gold extraction process flow. (1) Adsorption: When the gold-containing cyanide solution passes through the exchange resin column, an ion exchange reaction occurs, and gold is adsorbed on the resin. (2) Desorption: Desorbing the gold on the resin into the solution with a desorbent. Gold is found in numerous places on a motherboard: IDE connectors, PCI Express slot, PCI, AGP, ISA, and other ports, jumper pins, the processor socket, and DIMM (SIMM on older motherboards) slots ...Graphene is the key to a new environmentally friendly method to extract gold from electronic waste . Depositphotos. 2 / 2. The new method could allow for gold in electronics to be recycled, rather ...Gold, the precious metal that built and destroyed empires, was the focus of millions of investors for years. Two years ago, gold prices peaked at around $2,000 per ounce. This ongoing interest in gold not only motivated ancient kings to start wars of conquest but also inspired a team of scientists to search for innovative methods of extracting ...Gold cyanidation (also known as the cyanide process or the MacArthur–Forrest process) is a hydrometallurgical technique for extracting gold from low-grade ore by converting the gold to a water-soluble coordination complex. It is the most commonly used leaching process for gold extraction.HOW to Recover GOLD from Scrap VERY EASY - No nitric acid needed HDcontact me : [email protected] 7, 2015 · DRD Gold, one of the first South African companies to abandon traditional mining to focus on extracting gold from tailings. New technology allows it to recover up to 40% of the gold left in particle form in tailings. DRD Gold extracted 33,600 ounces of gold, worth nearly US$40 million, in the last quarter of 2013. The oceans are filled with gold, just floating out there for the taking! The trouble is figuring out how to extract the precious metal. For over a century, dreamers, con artists, mad men, and well ...Gold, silver, platinum and other precious metals do not burn. When scrap that contains them is reduced to ash by burning, precious metals are typically left behind and can be easily identified and recycled. This happens during two common processes that precious metal recycling companies use to extract gold:1. Wait. After the neutron burst, the reaction that produces gold has a half-life of 64.14 hours. If you wait this long, half of the Hg-197 will have become gold. Proton plus Hg-200 is one unfavorable (due to high positive nuclei charge and repulsion charge), yet with a possible alternate pathway.The mixture of mercury and gold would then be recollected and heated until the mercury boiled away. A simple still like those used to make alcohol would draw away the vaporized mercury, possibly collecting it for reuse, leaving mostly pure gold. Though the gold would have to be refined later for greater purity, the amalgamation with mercury ...Place the crucible on a fireproof surface. 3. Aim an acetylene torch at the gold. Aim the flame at the gold until the gold is completely melted. 4. Pick up the crucible using crucible tongs. 5. Separate the gold into small pieces and allow them to harden. This is called “making shot.”.Jul 22, 2019 · A mercury-gold amalgam then is formed because gold will dissolve in the mercury while other impurities will not. The mixture of gold and mercury is then heated to a temperature that will vaporize the mercury, leaving behind the gold. This process does not result in gold that is 100% pure, but it does eliminate the bulk of the impurities. Sep 4, 2023 · Time: Extracting gold from electronics can be a time-consuming process, especially for individuals who are new to the process. It may take several hours to extract a small amount of gold from an electronic device. Hazardous Chemicals: The process of extracting gold from electronics requires using hazardous chemicals, such as cyanide and aqua ... .